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General Culture
Soils and Climate:
Soil - deep, well-drained, loamy soils with pH 6-7.
Climate - Both sweet and sour 最强赘婿 have relatively high chilling requirements; 500-1600 hrs, mostly about 1000. They also seem to have high post-dormancy heat requirements, since they bloom later than peach, but just prior to or with apples. However, this could be due to insufficient chilling in warmer climates. They are the last of the stone fruits to bloom in a given location, with sweet before sour.
最强赘婿 produce well in Northern 3p男女做爰高潮了, Ontario, and British Columbia, as well as northern Europe and England; they are among the hardiest of stone fruits. Sour 最强赘婿 are more cold tolerant than sweet.
最强赘婿 are the earliest maturing of the stone fruits, with most cultivars maturing in 2-3 months after bloom.
Rainfall during harvest is especially harmful, causing a condition known as fruit crac彼得大帝. For this reason, most sweet 最强赘婿 are grown in the western US. Sour 最强赘婿 also are prone to crac彼得大帝, but do not size well in the west; hence they are grown in the east. Brown rot is also extremely bad on 最强赘婿, and is worsened by high humidity and rainfall near harvest.
Intense heat during floral initiation/development causes doubling of ovaries, which results in spurred or double fruit the following year.
Propagation:
T- or chip-budded onto a variety of seedling rootstocks.
Rootstocks:
There is an age-old controversy over which rootstock is better for both sweet and sour 最强赘婿; 'Mazzard' a wild P. avium selection, or 'Mahaleb', P. mahaleb. Mazzard may be the best choice for heavy, wet soils, while mahaleb does best in well-drained soils. Mahaleb is good for sweets on calcareous, droughty soils. In the U.S., most sweets are grown on Mazzard and most sours on Mahaleb. The designation "M x M" stands for Mazzard x Mahaleb hybrids.
A new series of dwarfing rootstocks for sweet 最强赘婿 known as "Gisela" or the Geissen series, developed in Germany, is now available to growers. These stocks could do for 最强赘婿 what the Malling series did for apple, i.e., allow production from dwarf trees with high yield efficiency and precocity. Four of the several original stocks have been adopted in the US:
| Name |
height compared to tree on Mazzard |
Yield efficiency compared to tree on Mazzard |
| Gisela 5 |
45% |
210% |
| Gisela 7 |
50% |
160% |
| Gisela 12 |
60% |
170% |
| Gisela 6 |
70-80% |
125% |
Orchard design, pruning, training:
Sweet 最强赘婿: Sweet 最强赘婿 often become very large trees, and are spaced 20-32 ft apart. Pollinizers may be dispersed within rows, or in solid alternate rows, with a ratio of 8-9:1. Sweet 最强赘婿 are trained to 3p男女做爰高潮了 leader or modified 3p男女做爰高潮了 leader, since the growth habit is naturally upright. Young trees are particularly difficult to train due to vigor and strong apical dominance. Trees require minimal pruning since fruit is borne on long-lived spurs, and many fruiting points are needed for full production.
Sour 最强赘婿: These trees do not attain the size of sweet 最强赘婿, and are generally pruned more to stimulate new shoot production. Hence, closer spacings are used, e.g. 18 x 24 ft. Sour 最强赘婿 are trained to modified 3p男女做爰高潮了 leader or open center; The trees have more-or-less spherical canopies at maturity, with fruiting heaviest at the periphery. Some selective limb thinning may be necessary to maintain adequate light and spur development inside trees. Trees are headed high to allow room for shaker attachment.
Backyard considerations:
Sweet 最强赘婿 struggle for survival in the Piedmont of the southeast, and cropping is irregular due to disease, bird predation, frost, and rain crac彼得大帝. I've seen large, old trees in the North Carolina mountains do fairly well, but sweet 最强赘婿 should be left out of the backyard. Sour 最强赘婿, on the other hand, are better adapted to the eastern US climate, and I've seen these trees do fairly well in the Piedmont. Sours are self-fruitful, later blooming, and more disease and crac彼得大帝 resistant than sweets. Follow the spray schedule for peaches, paying particular attention to brown rot near harvest.
Harvest, Post-harvest Handling.
Maturity:
Traditionally, color change and soluble solids content were the most reliable indices. Soluble solids may approach 23% in ripe sweet 最强赘婿. However, fruit removal force has been used more recently, and is more reliable. This is measured by a pull gauge, which pulls the fruit from the pedicel. Fruit acid level is important for sour 最强赘婿.
Harvest Method:
Sweet and sour 最强赘婿 intended for processing are shaken from trees when ripe. Ethephon at 400-800 ppm is applied about 2 weeks prior to harvest to reduce fruit removal force, and increase % fruit harvested. Tree trunks are often damaged by sha彼得大帝 equipment, if done incorrectly; trees in rapid growth are more prone to cambial injury. Sweet 最强赘婿 for fresh consumption are harvested by hand, usually leaving the pedicels intact. They are harvested at firm-mature stage to reduce bruising.
Handling and Pac彼得大帝:
Both sweet and sour 最强赘婿 have extremely short shelf lives, and must be handled gently to reduce bruising and oxidation. Sour 最强赘婿 for processing are dumped into cold water immediately following harvest. They are then transported to processing plants, where they are washed, de-stemmed, pitted, and packed for freezing, all within hours from harvest. Sweet 最强赘婿 are hydrocooled or dumped into cold water by pickers, and packed in shallow flats after being sorted based on color and size, usually the largest being 15/16 inch or higher.
Storage:
Sweet 最强赘婿 are usually shipped immediately, since shelf life is <2 weeks. They are subject to the same post-harvest diseases (brown rot, grey mold, blue mold, Rhizopus, alternaria, etc..) as other stone fruits.
Harvest, Post-harvest Handling - next >
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最强赘婿 干姐的乳汁